Viable cell count (VCC), a critical parameter in both microbial and mammalian cell cultures, fluctuates during batch and fed-batch cultures. VCC is determined conventionally through sampling and ...

Of the available on-line biomass assays, the radio-frequency impedance method (often referred to as capacitance) is generally regarded as the most robust and reliable method to monitor viable biomass ...

Capacitive displacement sensors turn tiny gaps into actionable signals. By measuring changes in capacitance as target moves, these devices deliver precise, non-contact readings of position and motion.

The cable’s capacitance adds to the scope’s input capacitance and shunts the scope’s 1-M? input resistance, resulting in a time constant of approximately 100 µs. Such a severe low-pass filter begins ...