Fragmentation functions are fundamental components in quantum chromodynamics (QCD), encapsulating the probability that a high-energy quark or gluon produces a specific hadron during the hadronisation ...

Colliding gold nuclei at various energies enables scientists to investigate phases of nuclear matter and their possible co-existence at a critical point. Scientists are aiming to establish if a ...

Lattice Quantum Chromodynamics (Lattice QCD) provides a non-perturbative framework for investigating the strong interactions that bind quarks and gluons. By discretising space-time into a finite ...

The annual Lindau Nobel Laureate Meeting brings a wealth of scientific minds to the shores of Germany’s Lake Constance. Every summer at Lindau, dozens of Nobel Prize winners exchange ideas with ...

Quantum chromodynamics (QCD) is the theory that describes the interactions governed by the strong nuclear force. Where electromagnetism is mediated by the photon and the weak force by the W and Z ...

Quarks and antiquarks are the teeny, tiny building blocks with which all matter is built, binding together to form protons and neutrons in a process explained by quantum chromodynamics (QCD).

The life and death of a star can largely be described based on its mass. Below the Chandrasekhar limit—about 1.4 times the mass of the sun—a star will end its life as a white dwarf. Stars that weigh ...

Traditional physics has long identified four forces. Most people are familiar with gravity and electromagnetism. Less well-known, except among physicists, are nuclear interactions known as the strong ...

Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) is universally accepted today as the theory of strong interactions. Nevertheless, many conceptual questions, like those concerning the properties of the quark gluon plasma ...