Using an instrumental variable approach, this study is the first to present causal estimates of the effect of preventive dental visits on overall medical expenditures. Objectives: To examine the ...

There is a concern that when private equity firms purchase nursing homes, they will lower quality of care in order to increase profits. Using an instrumental variable procedure to adjust for resident ...

"Evaluating the Relationship Between Student Attendance and Achievement in Urban Elementary and Middle Schools: An Instrumental Variables Approach" Gottfried, Michael. American Educational Research ...

• Accounting for bias is a major challenge confronting the use of observational data to gain important insights into real-world treatment effects. • No single study design will satisfy all information ...