Pilots can transition from an ILS to a localizer-only approach, even late in the descent, if the glideslope fails or operational preferences change, as these are considered two distinct approaches.

Cold temperatures and rapidly falling altimeter settings can cause altimeters to read higher than actual altitude, potentially leading to violations of "at or above" stepdown altitudes on an ILS, even ...

When it comes to flight and navigation instruments, there are few absolute certainties. Even though most instruments are fairly reliable, they are all susceptible to ...

In Part 1, we discussed the circumstances surrounding the off-runway landing at Presque Isle, Maine. The National Transportation Safety Board conducted what is commonly known as a “field major” ...