This column is the fourth in a series on parameter estimation, leading up to the justly famous Kalman filter. The discipline is based on the fact that our knowledge of the state of any real-world ...

Imagine a number line, extending in both directions infinitely. Above this line we might graph bars that represent the proportion of observations of something that fall within any given interval on ...

Imagine you're at a fair, and you see a booth with a giant dartboard. The booth owner challenges you to hit the bullseye. You take your shot, and the dart lands somewhere on the board. Now imagine ...