Python, for all its power and popularity, has long lacked a form of flow control found in other languages—a way to take a value and match it elegantly against one of a number of possible conditions.

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Python is best thought of as a dynamic but strongly typed language. Types aren’t associated with the names of things, but with the things themselves. This makes Python flexible and convenient for ...

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Recall that R is a statistical programming language—a language designed to do things like t-tests, regression, and so on. The core of R was developed during the 1970s and since then, many libraries ...