Examples of material behaviors that are carefully monitored are sample weight, stiffness, melting temperature changes, and sample size. These changes are subsequently plotted as thermograms, and the ...

X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is one of the most important and widely used methods for determining surface chemistry of materials. Cryo-XPS, where the sample is cooled to temperatures below ...

The AirJet XR Sample Cooler is designed to provide precision sample temperature control (–90°C to +100°C) for NMR, EPR, and X-ray diffraction instruments using a mechanically refrigerated, temperature ...

High temperature microscopy is the use of microscopy techniques on samples at high temperatures. Often, this means the microscopy instrumentation needs to be specifically designed to cope with the ...

Why and where temperature measurement within a nanosecond-scale window may be needed. The arrangement that provided accurate temperature readings in this time span and how it works. The results ...