The process of circuit design can cover systems ranging from national power grids all the way down to the individual transistors within an integrated circuit. For simple circuits the design process ...

There have been many different ideas presented for increasing the acoustic output of a piezo buzzer or ultrasonic transducer. Most of them involve rather complicated circuitry that drives up the total ...

Lighting a string of LEDs at a constant brightness requires driving it with a regulated current. A boost converter is commonly used to step up the voltage to a level high enough to bias the LEDs on ...

This file type includes high resolution graphics and schematics when applicable. A most critical device in an optical networking system is the laser diode, since it’s responsible for converting the ...

All circuits, analog or digital, have characteristics dependent on the values of their component parts. Invariably, these parts are non-ideal in many ways. Even their most fundamental characteristics, ...

With so much analog-circuit design being done by automated tools and circuit-performance analysis done with tools such as Spice, it may seem anachronistic to actually go through a basic circuit in ...

Low-power circuits commonly use transformerless power supplies. However, the use of earth grounds in many of these circuits creates a serious problem that is often ignored. The very popular Microchip ...

The 555 timer is one of the most versatile integrated circuits available. It can generate PWM signals, tones, and single-shot pulses. You can even put one in a bi-stable mode similar to a flip flop.